The anatomical connections between the midline cerebellum and the pontine parabrachial nucleus (PBN) were investigated in the rabbit using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport techniques. Small injections (20-50 nl) of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CT-HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated HRP (WGA-HRP) into the corte...
The effects of lesions of the cerebellum on the acquisition and retention of aversive Pavlovian conditioned bradycardia were examined in rabbits. Lesions of the anterior cerebellar vermis severely attenuated the acquisition of simple conditioned bradycardia without disrupting baseline heart rate (HR), or unconditioned HR responses. Also, lesions of...
Extracellular single-unit recordings of Purkinje cells in the anterior cerebellar vermis (ACV) of the rabbit found evidence of short-latency (20-30 ms) differential responses to discriminatively-conditioned auditory stimuli during Pavlovian fear conditioning procedures. These differential unit responses appeared to be a function of learning as diff...
Intricate anatomical connections exist between the cerebellar vermis and the hypothalamus. This study examined the effects of electrical microstimulation of the hypothalamus on Purkinje cell activity in the anterior cerebellar vermis (ACV) in the awake rabbit. Single-pulse stimulation of the hypothalamus evoked robust, short-latency modifications o...
Three experiments assessed the effects of damage to the medial cerebellum on long-term habituation (LTH) of the acoustic startle response. Experiment 1 replicated previous results. Lesions of the cerebellar vermis blocked LTH without affecting initial response levels or short-term habituation (STH). The lesions did not disrupt LTH of a simultaneous...
To achieve a more complete understanding of the neural substrates of learning and memory, several goals must be attained. Clearly, identifying critical brain areas that participate in the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of information would be necessary. Having identified these areas, it would then be necessary to determine the exact manner in...
The effects of lesions of the cerebellum on the acquisition of heart rate (HR) conditioned responses (CRs) were examined in rats. Large lesions of the cerebellar vermis severely attenuated the acquisition of differentially conditioned bradycardic responses in restrained rats without affecting unconditioned HR responses to the tone conditioned stimu...
The effects of lesions of the cerebellar vermis on the acquisition of heart-rate conditioning in rats was examined. Lesions of the vermis severely attenuated the acquisition of conditioned bradycardic responses in a simple conditioning procedure in restrained rats. Importantly, the vermal lesions did not affect resting heart-rate, unconditioned hea...
Recent evidence suggests that the amygdaloid central nucleus (ACE) may contribute significantly to Pavlovian fear-conditioned bradycardic responses during the presentation of conditioned emotional stimuli. Because the medial component of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGm) is a major source of input to the region of the ACE, the extracellular singl...
In a series of independent experiments, we showed that lesions of the vermis of the cerebellum in rats blocked the hyperdefensiveness induced by lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), attenuated spontaneous mouse killing, and reduced unconditioned freezing and other signs of fear in the presence of a cat. The vermal lesions did not signifi...
The cerebellar vermis has extensive anatomical connections with many brain stem and forebrain structures which have been implicated in emotional or affective behavior. Previous reports indicate that lesions of the vermis in a variety of experimental animals result in altered emotional behavior. The studies reported here attempted to clarify the nat...
The acoustic startle response in rats shows both short-term habituation, which recovers in seconds or minutes, and long-term habituation, which is effectively permanent. Lesions of the cerebellar vermis significantly attenuated long-term habituation without affecting the short-term process or altering initial response levels. In this response syste...
Citations
... Firstly, attractive targets for testosterone on orexinergic neurons are lacking in the lateral hypothalamus (Table 3), although androgen receptors have been detected in that area (Simerly et al., 1990). Beside testosterone, its downstream product estradiol -the enzyme aromatase amygdala conciliates survival-mediated behavior (LeDoux et al., 1988;Kapp et al., 1990;Amaral et al., 1992;Fanselow, 1994;Davis, 2000;Lang and Bradley, 2018). ...
... I built upon the elegant behavioral work on Pavlovian 'fear' conditioning, a staple of the behaviorist toolbox, by Robert and Caroline Blanchard (Blanchard and Blanchard, 1969Blanchard, , 1972, and by Robert Bolles and his students, especially Mark Bouton and Michael Fanselow (Bouton and Bolles, 1980;Bolles and Fanselow 1980). As a result of this rigorous, yet simple, method, by the early 1990s, studies by me (LeDoux, 1987(LeDoux, , 1992, Bruce Kapp (1992) and Michael Davis (1992) had provided compelling evidence that specific circuits within the amygdala play essential and specific roles in the acquisition and storage of the associations required for 'fear' conditioning, allowing the conditioned stimulus to control behavioral and physiological outputs. Through my long-standing collaboration with Liz Phelps, the basic findings I pursed in animals (LeDoux, 2000) were extended to humans (Phelps and LeDoux, 2005;LeDoux and Phelps, 2008). ...
... For example, lesions of the anterior cerebellar vermis (lobules III-VI), but not the hemispheres resulted in impaired acquisition and retention of fear-conditioned bradycardia [256,257]. Moreover, a subpopulation of PCs was found to respond to the conditioned stimulus, and in some cases this activity was correlated with the magnitude of the conditioned bradycardia response [267]. However, Supple et al. [267] did not investigate the possibility of correlated activity with other aspects of defensive behaviors, which might be expected if a finer grain localization of function was present. ...
... Depending on stimulus intensity, participants may withdraw their hand or at least prepare a hand movement. In fact, early animal, but also human cerebellar lesion studies highlight the involvement of the cerebellar vermis in the conditioning of autonomic fear responses (Apps and Strata, 2015;Apps et al., 2018 for reviews;Sacchetti et al., 2002;Supple and Leaton, 1990a;Supple and Kapp, 1993). For example, Maschke et al. (2002) found that fear-conditioned bradycardia was impaired in patients with lesions of the cerebellar midline but not the lateral cerebellar hemispheres. ...
... The usefulness of the rabbit heart rate (HR) response for studying conditioned autonomic changes was evident as early as 1943 when rabbits were shown to develop conditioned HR deceleration to a bell conditioned stimulus (CS) following pairings of the bell with the unconditioned stimulus (US) ammonia (Kosupkin and Olmsted 1943). Since then, rabbit HR conditioning has become a widely used model for studying classical conditioning and in particular, fear conditioning [6,10,20,38,47,48,51,78]. More recently, abnormalities in heart rate conditioning have been associated with human fear disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [22]. ...
... Exposure of rodents to natural predator odors causes innate fear (Takahashi et al., 2005;Staples, 2010) 80 and the cerebellum is involved in the processing of the fear response to predators as lesions of the 81 cerebellar vermis reduce a freezing response in rats exposed to a cat (Supple et al., 1987). There are 82 extensive connections between the cerebellum and brain regions that are important for defense 83 responses, including the limbic, prefrontal cortex and sympathetic nervous systems (Bostan et al., 2013 suggests a mechanism for controlling the length of Bergmann glial processes. ...
... Others have reported in both mice and rats that cerebellum also participates in fear learning and memory 30,31 . Besides that, the cerebellum also plays an important role in the classical fear conditioning in both mammals and non -mammals [32][33][34][35] . In another study, it has been observed that disruption of reticular-limbic central auditory pathway resulted in an impairment of noise-cued fear conditioning 36 . ...
... The significant correlation between resting activity of the CM nuclei and signal fluctuation from areas attributed to the salience network (SN), e.g., anterior insula, ACC and middle cingulate cortex (MCC) 50 , is consistent with the central nucleus involvement in facilitating attention to salient stimuli 51 . In addition, the CM was the only amygdala subdivision in which the rsFC pattern predicted activation in response to fear and angry faces, thus indicating its association with adverse feelings. ...
... Sensory responses can be modified when awake animals learn (Weinberger and Diamond 1987). Multiunit or single unit recordings demonstrate that MGm neurons exhibit discharge plasticity in aversive (Gabriel et al. 1975;Ryugo and Weinberger 1978;Supple andKapp 1989, Edeline 1990;Edeline et al. 1990a, b) and appetitive tasks Birt and Olds 1981;Maho and Hennevin 2002). MGm plasticity is long lasting (Edeline et al. 1988) and robust enough to survive extinction trials (Supple and Kapp 1989). ...
... [38][39][40][41][42] The ASR involves cranial nerves (vestibulocochlear and facial nerves); integration within the pons as well as other modulatory influences in the brainstem, motor pathways, and cerebellar; and subcortical and cortical structures. [43][44][45][46][47][48][49] The literature concerning the ASR in TBI is limited. In humans, there is a dearth of studiesnot one focusing on the ASR itself. ...
